What About… 
The Differences Between the ELCA and the LCMS 

August 1997 will be long remembered as an important time in the history of the Lutheran church here in America. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America [ELCA] made a number of very significant decisions during that month. It declared full communion with three Reformed churches: the United Church of Christ, the Reformed Church of America, and the Presbyterian Church—USA. It based this decision on its opinion that there is no longer essential disagreement between the ELCA and these Reformed churches. Furthermore, the ELCA decided that the long-standing differences between Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism over the question of how we are saved have been resolved. 

These decisions have caused considerable confusion within the ELCA as well as within our own church, The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod [LCMS]. It has caused many people to wonder what the differences are between the ELCA and the LCMS, even though our two churches both use the name “Lutheran.” 

The LCMS has a tremendous opportunity to make it very clear, both to our own members, as well as to the world at large, what it means to remain committed to the full truth of the Holy Scriptures and the historic confessions of the Lutheran church. This article is intended to offer a brief overview of the key differences between the ELCA and the LCMS, enabling you to understand them so that you will be able to discuss them with others. 

Our Difference Over the Bible 
The LCMS and the ELCA disagree about the nature and authority of the Bible. While both churches profess allegiance to the Reformation principle that Scripture alone is the supreme authority for the church’s doctrine and life, there are significant differences when it comes to putting this principle into practice. 

The LCMS believes that the Bible is actually the Word of God, and therefore, is totally truthful, reliable and free from any error. The Scriptures are the final standard by which we must judge everything that we believe, teach and confess. 

The ELCA, on the other hand, avoids making statements that confess the full truthfulness of the Bible. It holds that Scripture is not always accurate or trustworthy in all its parts and details. It tolerates and encourages methods of interpreting Scripture that presuppose it contains error and is unclear about various doctrinal matters. 

Our difference over the Bible explains other more visible differences. For example, the LCMS does not ordain women to the pastoral office, while the ELCA does, in spite of the fact that Scripture clearly teaches otherwise. 

In addition, the LCMS unequivocally teaches that homosexual behavior is intrinsically sinful because it is contrary to God’s Word. In love, we want to help the person caught up in the homosexual life to repent of his sin and receive God’s forgiveness. The ELCA has been unable to take a clear Biblical stand against homosexual behavior. It also tolerates groups within its midst that openly advocate the homosexual lifestyle both for clergy and laity. 

Similarly, the LCMS has repeatedly condemned willful abortion as contrary to God’s clear commandment not to murder. The ELCA has not been able to speak out clearly against abortion, and, sadly, even pays for willful abortion procedures for members in its health insurance plan. 

While there are other examples, these three illustrate that our differences over the authority and reliability of God’s Word lie at the heart of other differences between the ELCA and LCMS. 

The Authority of the Lutheran Confessions 
Our two churches also disagree about the authority of the historic Lutheran confessional statements in the Book of Concord. The LCMS binds itself to the entire doctrinal content of the 16th-century Lutheran confessional writings. We agree with the confessions of our church not merely insofar as they agree with the Bible (a position which would allow individual members to reject certain doctrines), but because these confessional statements are in complete harmony with God’s inspired and inerrant Word. We therefore accept without reservation all the confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church as a true and unadulterated statement and exposition of the Word of God, normative also for the church today. 

The ELCA, on the other hand, does not require that its church workers and congregations pledge unquali-fied acceptance of the full doctrinal content of the Book of Concord. The ELCA views the Lutheran Confessions as historical expressions of the faith held to be true at the time they were written, but not necessarily as standards for teaching and practice today. 

What is Necessary for Church Fellowship 
Given its approach to the Holy Scriptures and the Lutheran Confessions, it is no surprise that the ELCA would consider it possible to enter into fellowship with churches that teach things that are clearly contrary to the Word of God and the Lutheran Confessions. These sorts of fellowship arrangements are a reflection of the attitude that absolute truth is unable to be known and confessed. This attitude is contrary to the confessional principle of the Lutheran church that is characterized in the Book of Concord with two very important phrases: "We believe, teach, and confess" and "We reject and condemn." These phrases reflect that Lutheran church's firm belief that God's Word does assert truth that is binding for all times and all peoples, and that we are able with joy to confess this truth. 

The LCMS believes that the Bible requires full agreement in doctrine before it is possible to join in altar and pulpit fellowship with other churches (Rom. 16:17). On the other hand, the ELCA believes that disa-greement in important doctrinal truths does not pro-hibit altar and pulpit fellowship with other churches. 

A good example of this attitude is found in the doc-uments the ELCA used to establish church fellowship with the three Reformed churches. In these docu-ments, it is admitted that "important theological differ-ences … remain between our two churches in such questions as the understanding of the Lord's Supper and Christology." These differences are viewed "not as disagreements that need to be overcome, but as di-verse witnesses to the one Gospel that we confess in common." What this means is that the ELCA is willing to tolerate the Reformed church's denial that Jesus Christ is really present in the consecrated bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. The Reformed believe Jesus is pre-sent only "spiritually" but not really present in a miracu-lous manner in the bread and wine. Lutheranism has never accepted the Reformed Church's denial of our Lord's real presence in Holy Communion. The ELCA now claims that the errors of the Reformed Church regarding the Lord's Supper and the doctrine of the person and work of Christ are acceptable options. This has never before been the position of the Lutheran church, and reveals a decided movement away from historic Luther-anism on the part of the ELCA. 

The ELCA's attitude toward doctrine obscures the vital relationship that exists between the saving Gospel of our Lord and all other teachings of Scripture that are rooted in that Gospel. 

Synod's Opportunity for Faithful Clarity 
All Lutherans have a wonderful opportunity to wres-tle with the question of what it means to be a confes-sional Lutheran church in this day and age. What does it mean to say that we embrace the Holy Scripture as the inerrant and inspired Word of God? What teachings will therefore be rejected? What truths will be raised high as positions that can never be compromised or bar-gained away for the sake of external church unity? What does it mean to say we agree unconditionally with the Lutheran Confessions as pure expositions of the Word of God? Is "agreeing to disagree" an appropriate attitude for Lutherans when it comes to establishing church fellowship? 

The differences between our two churches are a source of great sadness for the LCMS. We wish that our two churches could share a common confession of what it means to be Lutheran. It is important that the mem-bers of LCMS congregations have a clear picture of why our two church bodies are not in fellowship. Knowing the basic differences between our two churches will help us talk with our ELCA friends and family members in a loving manner. 

Dr. A.L. Barry
President (1992-2001)
The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod